do or make

Do or make

Do ve make kullanımı :Bu iki fiil ile sık sık karşılaştık. İkisinin de ingilizce anlamları  "yapmak" tır. "do homework", "make a cake" gibi, farklı durumlarda farklı şekilde kullandık. Şimdi aradaki farkı, hangi durumlarda "do", hangi durumlarda da "make" kullanmamız gerektiğini anlatacağız. Bu fiiller hemen hemen hiçbir zaman birbirinin yerine kullanılmaz. Birçok durumda, aktiviteler, eylemler veya görevler için "do" kullanırız.

do homework do housework do the dishes do the laundry do research do the job do exercise My mother does the housework all by herself. I sometimes help my mother do the laundry. Professors do research in universities. You have to do your job properly.

Bazı işler de do + v-ing şeklinde anlatılır.

do cleaning do gardening do the driving do shopping My mother does the cleaning, my father does the gardening and my brother does the driving. There is nothing left to do for me, so I do nothing. Later, I might do the shopping.

Meslekler için de "do" kullanılır.

do trade do business In this company, we do business with foreign companies. We do a great volume of trade with European countries.

Bazı kalıp ifadeler için de kullanırız. Bunları örnek cümleler ile açıklayalım.

do a favour I will do you a favour and give you a lift home. do good This medicine will do you good. You will feel better in a few hours. do harm You are doing harm to them. Don't do it, it's not good for them. do time (be in prison) Öcalan is doing time in İmralı do well The team does well this year. do badly Ahmet always does badly in geography exams. do (one's) best You must do your best in order to win. Try as hard as you can. do (one's) hair That famous hairdresser does my hair. do (one's) nails Women love doing their nails. do (one's) worst Do your worst, I am not scared of you. You can't do me any harm do (one's) duty I am doing Ahmet's duty too because he is absent today.

Do sözcüğüne bazen de yardımcı fiil olarak rastlarız. Make fiili ise, var olmayan birşeyi yapmak, gerçekleştirmek, üretmek, imal etmek gibi manalardadır. Sık kullanıldığı durumlara ve örneklere göz atalım.

make a cake make money make a mistake make a sound make progress make a promise make a speech make a turn make a choice make a decision make a journey make a phone call make a profit make a remark make a comment make a suggestion make a visit make an arrangement make an announcement make a plan make (one's) bed You have to make your bed in the morning (tidy your bed) make a discovery Scientists make breathtaking discoveries everyday. make a decision We can leave now, or wait for him. We should make a decision. make a donation Everyone should make donations for the less fortunate. make music That band makes beautiful music. make noise I can't play the guitar very good. I just make noise. make friends Kids should try to make more friends. make friends (with sb.) We made friends with the new student. His name is Ahmet. make peace, make war Make love, not war! Those countries should make peace. They were making war for too long. make love I think I am making a difference. They noticed my efforts. make a difference make an effort I am studying. I am making effort for tomorrow's test. make an excuse Don't make excuses. You have to do your homework. make a fool of (one's)self He fell down the stairs, everyone was laughing at him. He made a fool of himself. make (somebody) rich His shop is very popular. That shop made him rich. make a fortune He is making a fortune. make a mess The kids make a mess in their room. They should tidy up. make a point I want to make a point here. Pay attention to what I will say. make time I should make time for myself. I am working too hard, I need to rest for a while. make an attempt The team made an attempt for goal, but the defence stopped them. make a beginning/end I have to make a beginning for the project or it wont be ready on time. make an offer I will make an offer to that man. I want to buy his car. make believe His story was not true. It was make believe.

"make" fiili ayrıca causative (ettirgen)  olarak da kullanılır. Zaten causative konusunu ileride detaylı olarak işleyeceğiz. İnsanlara mesleklerini sormak için "what do you do?" sorusu kullanılır.

-What do you do?     -I am an engineer. or I work in a bank.   -What do you do for a living? -I teach history in a private school.

İnsanlara ne ile meşgul olduklarını sormak için "what are you doing?" sorusu kullanılabilir.

-What are you doing now? -I am cleaning up the garage. The police asked the lady: -What were you doing when you heard the gunshot? -I was watching TV.

Kazancımızı, maaşımızı "I make......." şeklinde ifade ederiz.

I make 10 000 dollars a year. A taxi driver makes 500 dollars a week.

"What do you make?" veya "How much do you make?" soruları ile de insanlara kazançlarını sorabiliriz. Tabiki, bunu sormak biraz "kaba" olacaktır.

-How much do you make a month? -I make around 1000 dollars. -What do you think, a lawyer makes in a month? -It should be at least 2000 liras.

Phrasal Verbs

Deyim fiilleri :Bu konuda verdiğimiz örneklerde henüz işlemediğimiz bazı kelime ve kullanımlara da rastlayabilirsiniz. Bunları en kolay şekilde sunmaya özen gösterdik. Böylece ileriki konular için de ön hazırlık olacaktır. Mümkün olduğunca tercümelere bakmadan anlamaya çalışın... İngilizce 'de bazı fiillere çeşitli kelimecikler eklenerek, yeni anlamlar kazandırılmıştır. Dilbilgisinde bu öbeklere "phrasal verbs" denir. Genellikle verb + preposition olarak iki kelimeden oluşurlar.

Bazı durumlarda, bilinen fiillere bilinen prepositionlar eklenir ve anlamı tahmin etmek çok kolay olur.

He looked outside and saw a kitten. Please turn on the lights.

Bazı durumlarda ise yüklem-preposition ikilisi öbek deyim haline gelir ve anlamını tahmin etmek mümkün olmaz.

While the little boy's parents were out, his older sister looked after him. He used to smoke. Later, he gave up smoking.

Kelime öbekleri : Cümle içinde kullanımda, bazen bu öbeğin arasına bir isim girebilir. Bazı phrasal verb'lerde ise, öbek arasına asla isim almaz, ikili her zaman beraber kullanılır.

Did you turn the lights on?

Genel kurallar olmadığı için bu kelime öbeklerini öğrenmenin tek yolu günlük hayatta kullanmaktır. Zaten kullanıldığını gördükçe, bir aşinalık ve kulak dolgunluğu kazanacağız. Şimdi aşağıda cümle içinde kullandığımız bazı popüler phrasal verb'lerin anlamları tahmin etmeye çalışın...

blow up That bomb can blow up a house! break down My car broke down on the road today. break into A burglar broke into my house last night! We woke up and chased him. carry on (with) Don't stop, you should carry on with studying. come along I am going to the cinema for a great movie! Why don't you come along with me. come down with He came down with flu. Now, he is taking flu medicine. dress up A 3 year-old child cannot dress himself up. fall in love with I think Joe is falling in love with Marry get away The criminals tried to get away, but the police caught them. get along with I can't get along with my brother. We always argue. get over John was sick last week. I think he got over it now. get up I get up at 6 am everyday. give up You should give up smoking if you want to live long. grow up The ugly duckling grew up to be a beautiful swan. look after While the little boy's parents were out, his older sister looked after him look up If you don't know the meaning of a word, you should look it up in a dictionary. look forward to I am looking forward to tonight's match. I think it will be very exciting. make up That little girl makes up a lot of stories. Her imagination is very busy. put on I put on a coat, because it was raining put on He has put on a lot of weight. He was just 80 kilos last year! put out The fire fighters tried to put out the fire as soon as possible. run out of My engine doesn't start. I think it ran out of petrol. take off Her plane took off at 6 am this morning. take off He took his coat off immediately. And hung it in the wardrobe. turn down You should turn down the radio. It is too loud. turn off When you are going out of the room, you should turn off the lights. turn up This song is very good. I want to turn up the volume of the radio. sit down I am very tired. I should sit down for a few minutes. stand up All students stand up when the teacher comes into the classroom. switch off You should switch the tv off too. switch on You can always switch it back on later. wake up The sound of the siren woke everybody up. work on I am working on an important project now. I'll finish it next week.