12 Şubat 2012 Pazar

do or make


Do or make

Do ve make kullanımı :Bu iki fiil ile sık sık karşılaştık. İkisinin de ingilizce anlamları  "yapmak" tır. "do homework", "make a cake" gibi, farklı durumlarda farklı şekilde kullandık. Şimdi aradaki farkı, hangi durumlarda "do", hangi durumlarda da "make" kullanmamız gerektiğini anlatacağız.
Bu fiiller hemen hemen hiçbir zaman birbirinin yerine kullanılmaz.
Birçok durumda, aktiviteler, eylemler veya görevler için "do" kullanırız.
do homework

do housework
do the dishes
do the laundry
do research
do the job
do exercise
My mother does the housework all by herself.
I sometimes help my mother do the laundry.
Professors do research in universities.
You have to do your job properly.





Bazı işler de do + v-ing şeklinde anlatılır.
do cleaning
do gardening
do the driving
do shopping
My mother does the cleaning, my father does the gardening and my brother does the driving. There is nothing left to do for me, so I do nothing. Later, I might do the shopping.



Meslekler için de "do" kullanılır.
do trade
do business
In this company, we do business with foreign companies.
We do a great volume of trade with European countries.



Bazı kalıp ifadeler için de kullanırız. Bunları örnek cümleler ile açıklayalım.

do a favourI will do you a favour and give you a lift home.
do goodThis medicine will do you good. You will feel better in a few hours.
do harmYou are doing harm to them. Don't do it, it's not good for them.
do time (be in prison)Öcalan is doing time in İmralı
do wellThe team does well this year.
do badlyAhmet always does badly in geography exams.
do (one's) bestYou must do your best in order to win. Try as hard as you can.
do (one's) hairThat famous hairdresser does my hair.
do (one's) nailsWomen love doing their nails.
do (one's) worstDo your worst, I am not scared of you. You can't do me any harm
do (one's) dutyI am doing Ahmet's duty too because he is absent today.




Do sözcüğüne bazen de yardımcı fiil olarak rastlarız.



Make fiili ise, var olmayan birşeyi yapmak, gerçekleştirmek, üretmek, imal etmek gibi manalardadır. Sık kullanıldığı durumlara ve örneklere göz atalım.
make a cake
make money
make a mistake
make a sound
make progress
make a promise
make a speech
make a turn
make a choice
make a decision

make a journey
make a phone call
make a profit
make a remark
make a comment
make a suggestion
make a visit
make an arrangement
make an announcement
make a plan


make (one's) bedYou have to make your bed in the morning (tidy your bed)
make a discoveryScientists make breathtaking discoveries everyday.
make a decisionWe can leave now, or wait for him. We should make a decision.
make a donationEveryone should make donations for the less fortunate.
make musicThat band makes beautiful music.
make noiseI can't play the guitar very good. I just make noise.
make friendsKids should try to make more friends.
make friends (with sb.)We made friends with the new student. His name is Ahmet.
make peace, make warMake love, not war! Those countries should make peace. They were making war for too long.
make loveI think I am making a difference. They noticed my efforts.
make a difference
make an effort
I am studying. I am making effort for tomorrow's test.
make an excuseDon't make excuses. You have to do your homework.
make a fool of (one's)selfHe fell down the stairs, everyone was laughing at him. He made a fool of himself.
make (somebody) richHis shop is very popular. That shop made him rich.
make a fortuneHe is making a fortune.
make a messThe kids make a mess in their room. They should tidy up.
make a pointI want to make a point here. Pay attention to what I will say.
make timeI should make time for myself. I am working too hard, I need to rest for a while.
make an attemptThe team made an attempt for goal, but the defence stopped them.
make a beginning/endI have to make a beginning for the project or it wont be ready on time.
make an offerI will make an offer to that man. I want to buy his car.
make believeHis story was not true. It was make believe.



 "make" fiili ayrıca causative (ettirgen)  olarak da kullanılır. Zaten causative konusunu ileride detaylı olarak işleyeceğiz.



İnsanlara mesleklerini sormak için "what do you do?" sorusu kullanılır.
-What do you do?  
-I am an engineer.orI work in a bank.
 
-What do you do for a living?
-I teach history in a private school.



İnsanlara ne ile meşgul olduklarını sormak için "what are you doing?" sorusu kullanılabilir.
-What are you doing now?
-I am cleaning up the garage.

The police asked the lady:
-What were you doing when you heard the gunshot?
-I was watching TV.



Kazancımızı, maaşımızı "I make......." şeklinde ifade ederiz.
I make 10 000 dollars a year.
A taxi driver makes 500 dollars a week.



"What do you make?" veya "How much do you make?" soruları ile de insanlara kazançlarını sorabiliriz. Tabiki, bunu sormak biraz "kaba" olacaktır.
-How much do you make a month?
-I make around 1000 dollars.

-What do you think, a lawyer makes in a month?
-It should be at least 2000 liras.

Phrasal Verbs


Deyim fiilleri :Bu konuda verdiğimiz örneklerde henüz işlemediğimiz bazı kelime ve kullanımlara da rastlayabilirsiniz. Bunları en kolay şekilde sunmaya özen gösterdik. Böylece ileriki konular için de ön hazırlık olacaktır. Mümkün olduğunca tercümelere bakmadan anlamaya çalışın...

İngilizce 'de bazı fiillere çeşitli kelimecikler eklenerek, yeni anlamlar kazandırılmıştır. Dilbilgisinde bu öbeklere "phrasal verbs" denir. Genellikle verb + preposition olarak iki kelimeden oluşurlar.



Bazı durumlarda, bilinen fiillere bilinen prepositionlar eklenir ve anlamı tahmin etmek çok kolay olur.
He looked outside and saw a kitten.
Please turn on the lights.



Bazı durumlarda ise yüklem-preposition ikilisi öbek deyim haline gelir ve anlamını tahmin etmek mümkün olmaz.
While the little boy's parents were out, his older sister looked after him.
He used to smoke. Later, he gave up smoking.



Kelime öbekleri : Cümle içinde kullanımda, bazen bu öbeğin arasına bir isim girebilir. Bazı phrasal verb'lerde ise, öbek arasına asla isim almaz, ikili her zaman beraber kullanılır.
Did you turn the lights on?




Genel kurallar olmadığı için bu kelime öbeklerini öğrenmenin tek yolu günlük hayatta kullanmaktır. Zaten kullanıldığını gördükçe, bir aşinalık ve kulak dolgunluğu kazanacağız.


Şimdi aşağıda cümle içinde kullandığımız bazı popüler phrasal verb'lerin anlamları tahmin etmeye çalışın...


blow up
That bomb can blow up a house!
break down
My car broke down on the road today.
break into
A burglar broke into my house last night! We woke up and chased him.
carry on (with)
Don't stop, you should carry on with studying.
come along
I am going to the cinema for a great movie! Why don't you come along with me.
come down with
He came down with flu. Now, he is taking flu medicine.
dress up
A 3 year-old child cannot dress himself up.
fall in love with
I think Joe is falling in love with Marry
get away
The criminals tried to get away, but the police caught them.
get along with
I can't get along with my brother. We always argue.
get over
John was sick last week. I think he got over it now.
get up
I get up at 6 am everyday.
give up
You should give up smoking if you want to live long.
grow up
The ugly duckling grew up to be a beautiful swan.
look after
While the little boy's parents were out, his older sister looked after him
look up
If you don't know the meaning of a word, you should look it up in a dictionary.
look forward to
I am looking forward to tonight's match. I think it will be very exciting.
make up
That little girl makes up a lot of stories. Her imagination is very busy.
put on
I put on a coat, because it was raining
put on
He has put on a lot of weight. He was just 80 kilos last year!
put out
The fire fighters tried to put out the fire as soon as possible.
run out of
My engine doesn't start. I think it ran out of petrol.
take off
Her plane took off at 6 am this morning.
take off
He took his coat off immediately. And hung it in the wardrobe.
turn down
You should turn down the radio. It is too loud.
turn off
When you are going out of the room, you should turn off the lights.
turn up
This song is very good. I want to turn up the volume of the radio.
sit down
I am very tired. I should sit down for a few minutes.
stand up
All students stand up when the teacher comes into the classroom.
switch off
You should switch the tv off too.
switch on
You can always switch it back on later.
wake up
The sound of the siren woke everybody up.
work on
I am working on an important project now. I'll finish it next week.